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Abstract
This review analyzes apoptosis and oxidative stress caused by different-valence heavy metals (Ag+, Tl+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, As3+, Sb3+, Cr6+, and U6+) in cells and mitochondria. Apoptosis is characterized by reduced cell viability, caspase activation, pro-apoptotic gene expression, and protein kinase activation. Oxidative stress manifests as mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, mitochondrial swelling, ROS production, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c release, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP synthesis decline, and calcium overload. The review discusses the similarities and differences in the toxic effects of these metals, particularly thallium, focusing on their interactions with thiol groups and iron metabolism.
Publisher
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Published On
Sep 22, 2023
Authors
Sergey M Korotkov
Tags
apoptosis
oxidative stress
heavy metals
mitochondria
toxicity
cell viability
thallium

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