Sex-dependent differences in single-leg squat kinematics and their relationship to squat depth in physically active individuals

The purpose of this study is to compare recreationally physically active females and males with regard to spine, pelvis and lower limb joints peak angles in each plane of motion during a single leg squat (SLS). The second aim is to investigate the relationship between kinematics and SLS depth in females and males. Fifty-eight healthy, young adults performed 5 repetitions of a single right leg squat to maximal depth while keeping their balance. Kinematic data were obtained using an optical motion capture system. At the hip, greater adduction and greater internal rotation were observed in females than in males. Females had more extended spines and less outward bended knees throughout the SLS than did men. In males, squat depth was significantly, positively correlated with the maximal angle of the ankle (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), the knee (r = 0.87, p < 0.001), the hip (r = 0.73, p < 0.001) and the pelvis (r = 0.40, p = 0.02) in the sagittal plane. A positive significant correlation was found between SLS depth and maximal angle of the knee (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and the ankle (r = 0.53, p = 0.01) in the sagittal plane in females. Males and females used different motor strategies at all levels of the kinematic chain during SLS.