This study examines the distribution of forest and savanna biomes and their determining factors across India, focusing on tree cover. Analyses reveal four distinct tree cover zones, with intermediate zones containing savanna vegetation. Rainfall seasonality non-linearly influences maximum tree cover. Soil sand fraction and topography partially explain remaining tree cover variation. High domestic livestock herbivory and anthropogenic pressures reduce tree cover, while the relationship between fire and tree cover remains inconclusive due to data limitations. The findings suggest that incorporating environmental drivers into restoration planning can improve upon simplistic tree-planting initiatives.

Trisha Gopalakrishna, Sami W. Rifai, Jayashree Ratnam, Imma Oliveras Menor, Nicola Stevens, Yadvinder Malhi