Perovskite solar cells, despite achieving over 26% power conversion efficiency in labs, face scalability challenges due to limitations in conventional methods like spin coating. This study introduces an optimized blade coating process for fabricating large-area (15 cm × 15 cm) perovskite solar modules with a nickel oxide hole transport layer in ambient air using a non-toxic solvent system. Self-assembled monolayers enhance perovskite film uniformity. Modules with a 110 cm² active area achieve 12.6% efficiency and retain 84% after 1000 hours at 85 °C in air, demonstrating progress towards large-scale, stable perovskite solar cell production.

Farshad Jafarzadeh, Luigi Angelo Castriotta, Emanuele Calabrò, Pierpaolo Spinelli, Amanda Generosi, Barbara Paci, David Becerril Rodriguez, Marco Luce, Antonio Cricenti, Francesco Di Giacomo, Fabio Matteocci, Francesca Brunetti, Aldo Di Carlo