Stable and sustainable perovskite solar modules by optimizing blade coating nickel oxide deposition over 15 × 15 cm² area

Perovskite solar cells have rapidly advanced, achieving over 26% power conversion efficiency on the laboratory scale. However, transitioning to large-scale production remains a challenge due to limitations in conventional fabrication methods like spin coating. Here, we introduce an optimized blade coating process for the scalable fabrication of large-area (15 cm × 15 cm) perovskite solar modules with a nickel oxide hole transport layer, performed in ambient air and utilizing a non-toxic solvent system. Self-assembled monolayers between the nickel oxide and perovskite layer improve the uniformity and morphology of the perovskite film. Perovskite solar modules with a 110 cm² active area achieve a power conversion efficiency of 12.6%. Moreover, encapsulated modules retained 84% of their initial efficiency after 1,000 hours at 85 °C in air (ISOS-T-1). This study demonstrates progress in the large-scale production of perovskite solar cells that combine efficiency with long-term stability.

Farshad Jafarzadeh, Luigi Angelo Castriotta, Emanuele Calabrò, Pierpaolo Spinelli, Amanda Generosi, Barbara Paci, David Becerril Rodriguez, Marco Luce, Antonio Cricenti, Francesco Di Giacomo, Fabio Matteocci, Francesca Brunetti, Aldo Di Carlo