This research quantifies charge-carrier recombination loss mechanisms in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to interfacial energy offset and defects. It finds that a favorable energy offset reduces minority carriers and suppresses recombination more effectively than chemical passivation. 2D/3D heterojunction PSCs, offering enhanced passivation and charge-carrier extraction, achieve a 25.32% power conversion efficiency (certified 25.04%) in small devices and 21.48% in a large-area module. The 2D/3D heterojunction also suppresses ion migration, leading to improved stability.

Weichuang Yang, Bin Ding, Zedong Lin, Jingsong Sun, Yuanyuan Meng, Yong Ding, Jiang Sheng, Zhenhai Yang, Jichun Ye, Paul J Dyson, Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin