This review article comprehensively explores the design, synthesis, and applications of magnetic hybrid nanostructures (MHNs) in cancer theranostics. It covers various types of MHNs, including polymer-magnetic, carbon-magnetic, noble-metal-based magnetic, and semiconducting fluorescent magnetic nanostructures, along with biomolecular conjugates. The applications discussed include cancer diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic fluorescent imaging probes, magnetic biochips, and magnetic biosensors. Cancer therapy applications using MHNs encompass chemotherapy drug delivery, stimuli-responsive drug delivery, hyperthermia, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, and magnetic nanorobots. The review also addresses the limitations of using magnetic nanostructures and explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing cancer diagnosis and treatment using MHNs. The potential of AI in optimizing nanoparticle synthesis, delivery, toxicity assessment, and treatment planning is highlighted. The review concludes by summarizing the key advancements and future prospects of MHNs in the field of cancer theranostics.

B Govindan, M A Sabri, A Hai, F Banat, M A A Haija