The 2023 tropical cyclone (TC) season showed unusual activity in the North Atlantic (NA) and western North Pacific (WNP), deviating from typical El Niño impacts. The NA experienced the third highest TC genesis frequency (TCGF) since 1980, while the WNP had a record low. This study attributes these deviations to record-warm NA temperatures, a record-breaking negative Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM), and global warming, overshadowing El Niño's typical suppressive effects on NA and WNP TC activity. High-resolution model experiments confirm these factors' significant contributions to the observed TCGF anomalies.
