This study investigates the role of interconnectedness in enhancing the resilience of public transportation systems, focusing on Hong Kong's heavily reliant public transit. Results demonstrate that interconnected systems improve resilience by reducing topological vulnerabilities, increasing attack tolerance, and enhancing post-disruption interoperability. Findings highlight the potential to integrate vulnerable systems for greater robustness and the marginal benefits of enhancing intermodal transfer. Strengthening interconnectedness fosters a 'safe-to-fail' system, complementing conventional resilience-by-intervention approaches.

Zizhen Xu, Shauhrat S. Chopra