This six-month dietary intervention study (NCT03222791) in pre-diabetic individuals investigated the impact of personalized postprandial glucose-targeting diets (PPT) and Mediterranean diets (MED) on oral and gut microbiome, metabolites, and cytokines. 166 out of 2803 measured features showed significant changes in response to the diets. The microbiome mediated the effect of diet on glycemic, metabolic, and immune measurements, with gut microbiome compositional change explaining 12.25% of serum metabolites variance. While the gut microbiome showed greater compositional changes, the oral microbiome demonstrated more genetic-level changes. Dietary interventions impacted the microbiome, cardiometabolic profile, and immune response, suggesting potential for new therapeutic modalities.

Saar Shoer, Smadar Shilo, Anastasia Godneva, Orly Ben-Yacov, Michal Rein, Bat Chen Wolf, Maya Lotan-Pompan, Noam Bar, Ervin I. Weiss, Yael Houri-Haddad, Yitzhak Pilpel, Adina Weinberger, Eran Segal