Green clashes: cultural dynamics of scales in sustainability transitions in European peripheries

This study examines sustainability transitions as processes interpreted and given meaning by site-specific actors with varying motivations and goals. It critiques the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) for its limitations in addressing the cultural dynamics between knowledge regimes across global and local scales. The authors argue that culture isn't confined to a single level but permeates different spatial scales, acting as a crucial element in sustainability transitions. The research focuses on understanding how culture shapes responses to pro-environmental ideas, especially the "unexpected curves" arising from diverse rationalities involved in the process. Existing research, the authors note, often overlooks the interplay between multiple contexts and the influence of political regulation across spatial scales. This study proposes a framework for cultural analysis by combining elements of MLP logic with Thomas Eriksen's concept of 'clashes of scales' to analyze locally bound ideas, strategies, and motivations within their socio-cultural environments. The study emphasizes the reordering of thoughts, emotions, and interactions through social environments and how scalar dynamics shape the impact of culture on environmental discourses.

The authors review existing literature on sustainability transitions, highlighting the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) and its application in understanding the institutionalization of sustainable practices. However, they point out the limitations of MLP in capturing the cultural dimensions of these transitions. The role of 'cultural change' in achieving sustainability is discussed, emphasizing shifts in meaning-making systems, both cognitive and normative. The authors critique existing case studies for either focusing on micro-level experiences or macro-level phenomena, often neglecting the interactions between various actors and contexts across different spatial scales. They highlight the need to go beyond simplistic models of pro-environmental diffusion and examine how culture shapes responses, even leading to resistance and unexpected outcomes. Existing research, the authors argue, often focuses on limited ranges of actors like firms and policy-makers and neglects the complex interplay of culture across various scales.

The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing data from previous research projects conducted by the authors. These projects, funded by the Academy of Finland, focused on regional adaptation and variation in human-nature relations concerning environmental concerns in several European regions: North Karelia in Eastern Finland, sparsely populated areas in Central Finland and North Sweden, and Sardinia in Italy. The original studies utilized ethnography and cultural political analysis, collecting data through semi-structured interviews, participatory observations, and public documents. The authors re-analyze this existing data, focusing on local responses and interpretations of sustainability goals as cultural representations. This meta-analysis aims not to generalize local reactions but to illuminate the diverse ways locals respond to and challenge hegemonic understandings of sustainability. The case studies are analyzed within their cultural contexts and under a new framework incorporating Eriksen's 'clashes of scales' to reveal how different and even contradictory interpretations are formed.

The analysis reveals a significant role of culture in shaping responses to sustainability initiatives, particularly in peripheral regions. The study identifies two primary responses: the 'green' reaction and the 'brown' reaction. The green reaction, aligned with global environmentalism, often capitalizes on the perceived "different strengths" of peripheral areas, such as close connection to nature. However, this can also lead to a green distinction, creating an exclusionary dynamic. The brown reaction, often stemming from resentment towards top-down policies and perceived injustices, employs rhetorical strategies to resist and challenge sustainability agendas. This reaction often uses local traditions and narratives to create resistance to the imposed ideas of sustainability. The center-periphery dynamic plays a significant role, influencing both green and brown responses. The study finds that local interpretations of sustainability often differ considerably from hegemonic narratives. Peripheral communities may not only challenge hegemonic discourses but also use local narratives to reinterpret and reframe imposed sustainability goals. This reinterpretation can lead to alternative approaches to sustainability. The study explores how cultural ecosystems and the concept of environmental capital shape local responses and the ways in which peripheries may strategically employ stereotypes to attract investment, often creating vulnerability to accusations of merely reproducing existing biases. The study also points out differences in responses based on cultural orientation, comparing the reaction of farmers in Sardinia (Italy) and Kainuu (Finland) to EU organic farming standards.

The findings highlight the complex interplay between local cultures and global sustainability initiatives. The study demonstrates how culture shapes the interpretation and adoption of sustainability goals, leading to both supportive and resistant reactions. This challenges simplistic models of pro-environmental diffusion, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive approaches to sustainability transitions. The authors' analysis shows that cultural landscapes provide different rationales for industrial and local regimes, influencing how sustainability is interpreted at different levels. The centre-periphery dynamic is crucial, shaping identity actions and influencing responses to sustainability initiatives. The study emphasizes the importance of considering both the practical and emotional bonds that communities have with their environments when implementing sustainability programs. The diverse responses observed, both green and brown, demonstrate that hegemony over sustainability is contested and constantly negotiated at local levels.

This research provides a framework for culturally sensitive analysis of sustainability transitions, particularly in peripheral regions. The authors highlight the limitations of neglecting cultural dynamics in sustainability initiatives and emphasize the importance of considering diverse local interpretations. Future research should further explore the intricate interplay of culture, power, and scale in shaping sustainability transitions, focusing on how to integrate local knowledge and perspectives into global sustainability efforts. The concept of a 'just transition' is emphasized, requiring careful attention to the cultural dimensions of change to avoid unintended consequences and ensure equitable outcomes.

The study relies on a meta-analysis of pre-existing data, limiting the scope of generalizations that can be drawn. The selected case studies, while providing rich insights into specific contexts, may not fully represent the diversity of cultural responses across all European peripheries. The study’s focus on peripheral areas may not generalize directly to all contexts. The authors acknowledge that while the framework developed is useful, it is essential to be aware of the limitations of generalizing specific findings to all regions. More research would be needed to test the framework's applicability across broader geographical areas.