Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global health crisis. This virus can lead to a range of symptoms, from mild upper respiratory infections to life-threatening complications like cytokine storm and multi-organ dysfunction. Secondary bacterial co-infection further complicates prognosis. This review explores the immunopathology and pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19, including cytokine storm and bacterial co-infection, and discusses the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in managing these complications. MSCs offer promise due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties, potentially mitigating the effects of an overactive immune system and promoting tissue repair.

Babak Arjmand, Sepideh Alavi-Moghadam, Masoumeh Sarvari, Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani, Ahmad Rezazadeh-Mafi, Rasta Arjmand, Mohsen Nikandish, Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani, Bagher Larijani