This study investigates the global imbalance in regional development between coastal and interior areas, considering the influence of population and economic factors. Using global panel data and a threshold effect model (2000-2018), the research reveals an uneven global population distribution, with coastal areas (18.43% of landmass) holding 52.8% of the population. While the per capita GDP gap between coastal and interior areas decreased (from 2.08 times to 1.78 times), population factor evolution lags behind economic factors. Except for Africa, intercontinental coastal-interior development gaps converged. Adjusting regional per capita income and population-economic density promotes balanced development. The findings contribute to policymaking for spatial balance and sustainable development, extending research on uneven regional growth and supporting the UN 2030 Agenda.

Xiaoming Jin, Weixin Luan, Jun Yang, Chuang Tian