This study investigates heavy metal concentrations in breast milk from lactating mothers in Lahore, Pakistan, using a neutrosophic statistical approach to analyze imprecise data. 70 breast milk samples were collected and analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). The neutrosophic method was compared to classical statistical analysis, revealing its superior adaptability for handling interval data and providing a more comprehensive understanding of heavy metal variations, particularly for lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). Elevated levels of Pb and Hg were observed, especially among mothers residing in industrial zones.

Adeena Fatima, Usama Afzal, Muhammad Aslam, Zainab Rafi, Naveed Ahmad, Mirza Albash Baig