This study investigates phonological deficits in children and adults with reading difficulty (RD) using functional Near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Less difference was found between adults and children with RD compared to controls in right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation during Spanish speech perception, suggesting slowed development in these regions. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) identified activation patterns in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), premotor, supplementary motor area (SMA), and IFG as reliable RD markers. Behavioral and neurological evidence supports impaired speech perception and production as markers of RD.

Yang Fu, Xiaohui Yan, Jiaqi Mao, Haibin Su, Fan Cao