This paper examines the rate of global mean sea level (GMSL) rise using satellite altimeter data from 1993 to 2023. The authors demonstrate that the rate of GMSL rise has more than doubled, increasing from approximately 2.1 mm/year in 1993 to 4.5 mm/year in 2023. This acceleration is attributed to ocean warming and the melting of land ice, both consequences of increasing greenhouse gases. The study extrapolates this trend to project a further 169 mm rise by 2050, consistent with mid-range IPCC AR6 projections. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding both the total amount and rate of sea level rise for effective coastal adaptation strategies.

B. D. Hamlington, A. Bellas-Manley, J. K. Willis, S. Fournier, N. Vinogradova, R. S. Nerem, C. G. Piecuch, P. R. Thompson, R. Kopp