This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of probable PTSD and associated factors among French university students one month after the initial COVID-19 lockdown. Using data from 22,883 students who completed an online questionnaire, the study found a 19.5% prevalence of probable PTSD, as assessed by the PCL-5. Several factors were significantly associated with PTSD, including female or non-binary gender, prior trauma exposure, living alone during quarantine, poor social ties, income loss, poor housing quality, low-quality information, and high COVID-19 exposure. The findings suggest potential post-traumatic consequences from the pandemic and lockdown.