This paper presents a novel approach for multiscale real-time and high-sensitivity ion detection using complementary organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) as amplifiers. The integrated ion-sensing amplifier achieves a sensitivity exceeding 2300 mV V⁻¹ dec⁻¹, surpassing the fundamental Nernst limit. This allows for ion detection across five orders of magnitude and real-time monitoring of variations two orders of magnitude smaller than the detected concentration. The method is adaptable to various transistor technologies and offers potential for enhanced multifunctional bioelectronics.

Paolo Romele, Paschalis Gkoupidenis, Dimitrios A. Koutsouras, Katharina Lieberth, Zsolt M. Kovács-Vajna, Paul W. M. Blom, Fabrizio Torricelli