Macroscopic waves, biological clocks and morphogenesis driven by light in a giant unicellular green alga

A hallmark of self-organisation in living systems is their capacity to stabilise their own dynamics, often appearing to anticipate and act upon potential outcomes. Caulerpa brachypus is a marine green alga consisting of differentiated organs resembling leaves, stems and roots. While an individual can exceed a metre in size, it is a single multinucleated giant cell. Thus Caulerpa presents the mystery of morphogenesis on macroscopic scales in the absence of cellularization. The experiments reported here reveal self-organised waves of greenness – chloroplasts – that propagate throughout the alga in anticipation of the day-night light cycle. Using dynamical systems analysis we show that these waves are coupled to a self-sustained oscillator, and demonstrate their entrenchment in light. Under constant illumination, light intensity affects natural period and drives transition to temporal disorder. Moreover, we find distinct morphologies depending on light temporal patterns, suggesting waves of chlorophyll could link biological oscillators to metabolism and morphogenesis in this giant single-celled organism.