Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer advantages like low cost and high efficiency but suffer from stability and robustness issues. This research presents a holistic design using an interpenetrating perovskite/electron-transporting-layer (ETL) interface formed by reacting a tin dioxide (SnO2) layer with excess organic halide and a perovskite layer with excess lead halide. PSCs with this interface achieve efficiencies up to 22.2% (rigid) and 20.1% (flexible), maintaining 82% and 85% of initial efficiency after 1000 hours of operation and 2500 bending cycles, respectively. Advanced characterizations reveal the enhanced performance is due to improved interface integrity.

Qingshun Dong, Chao Zhu, Min Chen, Chen Jiang, Jingya Guo, Yulin Feng, Zhenghong Dai, Srinivas K. Yadavalli, Mingyu Hu, Xun Cao, Yuqian Li, Yizhong Huang, Zheng Liu, Yantao Shi, Liduo Wang, Nitin P. Padture, Yuanyuan Zhou