This paper introduces halftone spatial frequency domain imaging (halftone-SFDI), a new imaging modality that enables kilohertz high-speed, label-free, non-contact, wide-field quantification of optical properties in strongly turbid media. Halftone-SFDI is approximately two orders of magnitude faster than existing state-of-the-art techniques. It utilizes halftone binary patterned illumination to analyze the spatial frequency response of the media, mapping this response to optical properties via model-based analysis. The method's efficacy is validated through phantom studies and in vivo experiments on human tissue and rat brain cortex, demonstrating its ability to monitor chromophore concentrations and dynamic flow fields.

Yanyu Zhao, Bowen Song, Ming Wang, Yang Zhao, Yubo Fan