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Exposure to multiple ambient air pollutants changes white matter microstructure during early adolescence with sex-specific differences

Medicine and Health

Exposure to multiple ambient air pollutants changes white matter microstructure during early adolescence with sex-specific differences

D. L. Cotter, H. Ahmadi, et al.

This research led by Devyn L. Cotter and colleagues reveals that air pollution has significant effects on white matter development in adolescents, with findings indicating that exposure to pollutants like PM2.5, NO2, and O3 during crucial developmental years can influence brain maturation processes differently across sexes. The study highlights alarming consequences of low-level pollution, which occurs even below current U.S. standards.

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Playback language: English
Abstract
Background: Air pollution is ubiquitous, yet questions remain regarding its impact on the developing brain. Large changes occur in white matter microstructure across adolescence, with notable differences by sex. Methods: We investigate sex-stratified effects of annual exposure to fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) at ages 9–10 years on longitudinal patterns of white matter microstructure over a 2-year period. Diffusion-weighted imaging was collected on 3T MRI scanners for 8182 participants (1–2 scans per subject; 45% with two scans) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Restriction spectrum imaging was performed to quantify intracellular isotropic (RNI) and directional (RND) diffusion. Ensemble-based air pollution concentrations were assigned to each child’s primary residential address. Multi-pollutant, sex-stratified linear mixed-effect models assessed associations between pollutants and RNI/RND with age over time, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Results: Here we show higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure is associated with higher RND at age 9 in both sexes, with no significant effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> on RNI/RND change over time. Higher NO<sub>2</sub> exposure is associated with higher RNI at age 9 in both sexes, as well as attenuating RNI over time in females. Higher O<sub>3</sub> exposure is associated with differences in RND and RNI at age 9, as well as changes in RND and RNI over time in both sexes. Conclusions: Criteria air pollutants influence patterns of white matter maturation between 9–13 years old, with some sex-specific differences in the magnitude and anatomical locations of affected tracts. This occurs at concentrations that are below current U.S. standards, suggesting exposure to low-level pollution during adolescence may have long-term consequences.
Publisher
Communications Medicine
Published On
Aug 01, 2024
Authors
Devyn L. Cotter, Hedyeh Ahmadi, Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez, Katherine L. Bottenhorn, W. James Gauderman, Rob McConnell, Kiros Berhane, Joel Schwartz, Daniel A. Hackman, Jiu-Chiuan Chen, Megan M. Herting
Tags
air pollution
white matter microstructure
adolescence
PM2.5
NO2
O3
sex differences
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