Forest landscape restoration is a key strategy to sequester atmospheric carbon, conserve biodiversity, and provide livelihood co-benefits. This study examines the relationships among carbon, biodiversity, and livelihoods in 314 forest commons across 15 tropical countries. Five distinct clusters of forest commons are identified, showcasing co-benefits and trade-offs. Formal community management and local participation in rule-making consistently predict positive outcomes, suggesting empowered local governance supports multiple restoration objectives.

Harry W. Fischer, Ashwini Chhatre, Apurva Duddu, Nabin Pradhan, Arun Agrawal