This study investigates the sustainability of mountain grazing agroecosystems in the Spanish Pyrenees over three decades (1990, 2004, and 2018) using Emergy Accounting. Despite longer grazing periods and reduced off-farm animal feed, the study finds an increased dependence on non-renewable resources. This is attributed to the rising inflow of public economic support (Common Agricultural Policy or CAP) and services, which transfers the unsustainability of the broader socio-economic system to the agroecosystems.

Enrique Muñoz-Ulecia, Alberto Bernués, Andrei Briones-Hidrovo, Pier Paolo Franzese, Elvira Buonocore, Remo Santagata, Sergio Ulgiati, Daniel Martín-Collado