An emission-state-switching radio transient with a 54-minute period

Long-period radio transients are an emerging class of extreme astrophysical events of which only three are known. These objects emit highly polarized, coherent pulses of typically a few tens of seconds duration, and minutes to approximately hour-long periods. Although magnetic white dwarfs and magnetars, either isolated or in binary systems, have been invoked to explain these objects, a consensus has not emerged. Here we report on the discovery of ASKAP J193505.1+214841.0 (henceforth ASKAP J1935+2148) with a period of 53.8 minutes showing 3 distinct emission states—a bright pulse state with highly linearly polarized pulses with widths of 10–50 seconds; a weak pulse state that is about 26 times fainter than the bright state with highly circularly polarized pulses of widths of approximately 370 milliseconds; and a quiescent or quenched state with no pulses. The first two states have been observed to progressively evolve over the course of 8 months with the quenched state interspersed between them suggesting physical changes in the region producing the emission. A constraint on the radius of the source for the observed period rules out an isolated magnetic white-dwarf origin. Unlike other long-period sources, ASKAP 1935+2148 shows marked variations in emission modes reminiscent of neutron stars. However, its radio properties challenge our current understanding of neutron-star emission and evolution.

M. Caleb, E. Lenc, D. L. Kaplan, T. Murphy, Y. P. Men, R. M. Shannon, L. Ferrario, K. M. Rajwade, T. E. Clarke, S. Giacintucci, N. Hurley-Walker, S. D. Hyman, M. E. Lower, Sam McSweeney, V. Ravi, E. D. Barr, S. Buchner, C. M. L. Flynn, J. W. T. Hessels, M. Kramer, J. Pritchard, B. W. Stappers