This review summarizes advanced vaccine design strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants. It discusses various vaccine types developed, including mRNA, viral vector, DNA, and subunit vaccines, highlighting their successes and limitations in combating the pandemic. The review focuses on novel strategies such as structure-guided vaccine design, T-cell-based vaccines, respiratory mucosal delivery, and nanotechnologies, analyzing their advantages and challenges. Finally, it addresses future directions in vaccine development, emphasizing the need for broader protection against evolving variants and improved vaccine accessibility.

Jianzhong Zhang, Yutian Xia, Xuan Liu, Gang Liu