This paper presents a battery-free ingestible biosensing system for real-time monitoring of metabolites in the small intestine. The system uses a self-powered glucose biofuel cell/biosensor integrated into a circuit that harvests energy, senses metabolites, and transmits data wirelessly via magnetic human body communication. This technology has the potential to provide crucial information about the complex and dynamic metabolic profiles of the small intestine, which is important for diagnosing and treating various gastrointestinal disorders.

Ernesto De La Paz, Nikhil Harsha Maganti, Alexander Trifonov, Ithiphon Jeerapan, Kuldeep Mahato, Lu Yin, Thitaporn Sonsa-ard, Nicolas Ma, Won Jung, Ryan Burns, Amir Zarrinpar, Joseph Wang, Patrick P. Mercier