Unleashing the power of the Sun: the increasing impact of the solar cycle on off-season super typhoons since the 1990s

The occurrence of super typhoons outside the normal typhoon season can result in devastating loss of life and property damage. Our research reveals that the 11-year solar cycle can affect the incidence of these off-season typhoons (from November to April) in the western North Pacific by influencing sea surface temperature (SST) through a footprint mechanism. The solar cycle, once amplified by atmospheric and ocean interactions, generates a noticeable SST footprint in the subtropical North Pacific during winter and spring, which eventually intrudes into the tropical central Pacific and affects the atmospheric conditions, resulting in an increase or decrease in the occurrence of super typhoons during active or inactive solar periods. This mechanism has become more effective since the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) shifted to a warm phase in the 1990s, intensifying the subtropical Pacific couplings. An example of this type of off-season super typhoon during an active solar period is Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. By incorporating information about the solar cycle, we can anticipate the likelihood of super typhoon occurrences, thus improving decadal disaster preparation and planning.