This paper presents a phosphorescent cationized cellulose derivative created by introducing cyanomethylimidazolium cations and chloride anions into cellulose chains. These structures promote intersystem crossing and inhibit non-radiative transitions, resulting in a cellulose-based room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) material. This material is easily processed into films, fibers, coatings, and patterns using eco-friendly aqueous solutions. Crosslinking with glutaraldehyde enhances antibacterial properties and water resistance. The biodegradability and sustainability of cellulose make this material highly promising for applications like anti-counterfeiting and smart labels.