This conceptual and methodological paper argues for a more robust theory of human values, criticizing the lack of a generally accepted theory and the elusive nature of values. It proposes an outline for empirical axiology, acknowledging the need for a better understanding of values to address complex contemporary issues. The paper discusses challenges in studying values empirically, such as values-as-truisms and the limitations of relying solely on articulated or hidden values. It introduces the concept of 'value landscapes,' a multi-dimensional model incorporating proximity, intensity, contextuality, and malleability of values. The paper advocates for transdisciplinary research designs to investigate these concepts.

Matthias Kaiser