This study examines the unintended consequences of collective co-production during the COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai, focusing on the impact on people with disabilities. Compulsory epidemic prevention measures led to the closure of government-organized and independent NGOs, disrupting formal social services. However, self-organized groups, as a form of group co-production, effectively maintained service resilience by providing essential material and consultation services through online and offline channels. The study highlights the tension between collective and group co-production and offers valuable insights for improving emergency management.
