This study quantitatively analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanisms of Pseudo-Human Settlements (PHS) in 286 Chinese cities using spatial autocorrelation analysis and geographic detectors. Results show hierarchical characteristics and spatial differences in PHS levels, with higher levels in eastern coastal regions. Nighttime light index, per capita GRP, and population size are major drivers. The functional structure of PHS follows a life cycle. Findings suggest a leading role for PHS development in high-level areas, and adaptation to local preferences for future predictions.
