This study uses social network and GIS spatial analyses to examine the spatio-temporal evolution and patterns of Yangmingism during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The research reveals a five-phase diffusion process (rise-peak-decline-revival-trough), shifting spatial structures (polycentric to fragmented), distance decay effects concentrated in the Han cultural region, and influences from administrative hierarchies and cultural development. Relocation diffusion, followed by expansion diffusion, is identified as the primary mode of spread, with potential for reverse diffusion.

Xiaobiao Lin, Shidai Wu, Bowei Wu, Jiawei Wang