Exercise intensity regulates cytokine and klotho responses in men

Background: Short-term exercise training programs that consist of moderate intensity endurance training or high intensity interval training have become popular choices for healthy lifestyle modifications, with as little as two weeks of training being shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and whole-body glucose metabolism. An emerging concept in exercise biology is that exercise stimulates the release of cytokines and other factors into the blood that contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism, but whether these factors behave similarly in response to moderate and high intensity short term training is not known. Here, we determined the effects of two short-term exercise training programs on the concentrations of select secreted cytokines and Klotho, a protein involved in anti-aging. Methods: Healthy, sedentary men (n=22) were randomized to moderate intensity training (MIT) or sprint intensity training (SIT) treatment groups. SIT consisted of 6 sessions over 2 weeks of 6 x 30 s all out cycle ergometer sprints with 4 min of recovery between sprints. MIT consisted of 6 sessions over 2 weeks of cycle ergometer exercise at 60% VO₂peak gradually increasing in duration from 40 to 60 min. Blood was taken before the intervention and 48 h after the last training session, and glucose uptake was measured using [¹⁸F]FDG-PET/CT scanning. Cytokines were measured by multiplex and Klotho concentrations by ELISA. Results: Both training protocols similarly increased VO₂peak and decreased fat percentage and visceral fat (P < 0.05). MIT and SIT training programs both reduced the concentrations of IL-6, Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and Leptin. Interestingly, MIT, but not SIT increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) concentrations, an exercise-induced cytokine, as well as Klotho concentrations. Conclusion: Short-term exercise training at markedly different intensities similarly improves cardiovascular fitness but results in intensity-specific changes in cytokine responses to exercise.

Roeland J. W. Middelbeek, Piryanka Motiani, Nina Brandt, Pasquale Nigro, Jia Zheng, Kirsi A. Virtanen, Kari K. Kalliokoski, Jarna C. Hannukainen, Laurie J. Goodyear