Dopamine transients encode reward prediction errors independent of learning rates

Biological accounts of reinforcement learning posit that dopamine encodes reward prediction errors (RPEs), which are multiplied by a learning rate to update state or action values. This suggests that dopamine release reflects the product of the learning rate and RPE. Here, we characterize dopamine encoding of learning rates in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) in a volatile environment. Using a task with semi-observable states offering different rewards, we find that rats adjust how quickly they initiate trials across states using RPEs. Computational modeling and behavioral analyses show that learning rates are higher following state transitions and scale with trial-by-trial changes in beliefs about hidden states, approximating normative Bayesian strategies. Notably, dopamine release in the NAcc encodes RPEs independent of learning rates, suggesting that dopamine-independent mechanisms instantiate dynamic learning rates.