This study investigates the impacts of various social-environmental system (SES) drivers on vegetation changes in Kazakhstan. Using a multi-stage, multi-model framework, the researchers analyzed vegetation trends and attributed them to ten independent SES drivers. Results indicate that land use change was the primary contributor to vegetation degradation, followed by climate change and variability. Sheep and goat density negatively impacted vegetation, while snow cover had a positive effect. The study identifies vegetation degradation hotspots to guide restoration efforts and achieve land degradation neutrality.
