This study quantifies the relationship between climate, conflicts, and the spread of plague epidemics in pre-industrial Europe (AD 1347–1840). Analysis reveals a strong correlation between increased conflicts (especially AD 1450–1670) and surges in plague outbreaks, exacerbated by cooler Little Ice Age conditions. Warfare created conditions for microbial spread through population displacement and weakened immunity.
Publisher
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
Published On
Dec 10, 2020
Authors
David Kaniewski, Nick Marriner
Tags
climate
conflicts
plague
epidemics
Little Ice Age
Europe
warfare
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