The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in the United States necessitates a comprehensive and effective charging infrastructure. This study compares the total cost of ownership (TCO) and greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of EVs using Direct Current Fast Charging (DCFC), Battery Swapping (BSS), and Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT) systems. Nationwide infrastructure deployment simulations reveal location-dependent economic and environmental impacts, influenced by fuel prices, electricity prices, and traffic volumes. The research highlights the significant role of technology advancements, deployment decisions, and policymaking in shaping EV benefits.

Noah Horesh, David A. Trinko, Jason C. Quinn