Childhood maltreatment and cognitive functioning: the role of depression, parental education, and polygenic predisposition

Childhood maltreatment (CM) has been associated with cognitive deficits that in turn have been predictive for therapeutic outcome in psychiatric patients. However, previous studies have either investigated maltreatment associations with single cognitive domains or failed to adequately control for confounders such as depression, socioeconomic environment, and genetic predisposition. We aimed to isolate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and dysfunction in diverse cognitive domains, while estimating the contribution of potential confounders to this relationship, and to investigate gene–environment interactions. We included 547 depressive disorder and 670 healthy control participants (mean age: 34.7 years, SD = 13.2). Cognitive functioning was assessed for the domains of working memory, executive functioning, processing speed, attention, memory, and verbal intelligence using neuropsychological tests. Childhood maltreatment and parental education were assessed using self-reports, and psychiatric diagnosis was based on DSM-IV criteria. Polygenic scores for depression and for educational attainment were calculated. Multivariate analysis of cognitive domains yielded significant associations with childhood maltreatment (η² = 0.083, P < 0.001), parental education (η² = 0.085, P < 0.001), and polygenic scores for depression (η² = 0.021, P = 0.005) and educational attainment (η² = 0.031, P < 0.001). Each of these associations remained significant when including all of the predictors in one model. Univariate tests revealed that maltreatment was associated with poorer performance in all cognitive domains, suggesting that these two risk factors indeed directly affect cognition. The insights of the study may help to further disentangle the mechanisms underlying cognitive functioning. Furthermore, we aim to investigate if counteractive interventions, informed by individual risk profiles and related cognitive preconditions, might enhance response to therapeutic practices.

Janik Goltermann, Ronny Redlich, Dominik Grotegerd, Katharina Dohm, Elisabeth J. Leehr, Joscha Böhnlein, Katharina Förster, Susanne Meinert, Verena Enneking, Maike Richter, Jonathan Reppel, Immanuel DeVille’s, Marlene Kloeker, Andreas Jansen, Axel Krug, Igor Nendić, Katharina Brosch, Tina Meller, Frederike Stein, Simon Schmitt, Marcela Rietschel, Fabian Streit, Stephanie H. Witt, Andreas J. Forstner, Markus M. Nöthen, Bernhard T. Baune, Till F. M. Andlauer, Tilo Kircher, Nils Opel, Udo Dannlowski