A global analysis of how human infrastructure squeezes sandy coasts

Human disturbance is causing massive losses to coastal ecosystems, which provide vital services. Remaining ecosystems are increasingly squeezed between rising seas and infrastructure development. This study analyzes 235,469 transects globally to quantify this 'coastal squeeze'. The median distance of infrastructure from sandy shorelines is 392 meters, with 33% of shores having less than 100 meters of infrastructure-free space. 23–30% of this space may be lost by 2100 due to sea level rise. Population density and GDP explain 35–39% of the squeeze variation. Nature reserves significantly relieve squeezing, yet only 16% of sandy shores are protected. The study advocates integrating nature protection into spatial planning policies.

Eva M. Lansu, Valérie C. Reijers, Solveig Höfer, Arjen Luijendijk, Max Rietkerk, Martin J. Wassen, Evert Jan Lammerts, Tjisse van der Heide