Rapid, continuous projection multi-photon 3D printing enabled by spatiotemporal focusing of femtosecond pulses

This work presents a high-speed projection multi-photon printing method combined with spatiotemporal focusing for rapid, layer-by-layer, continuous fabrication of 3D micro/nanostructures. Spatiotemporal focusing confines printing to thin layers (micron and sub-micron scale), while dynamic pattern projection ensures continuous fabrication. A numerical model accurately predicts spatiotemporal focusing and imaging, verified by experimental results. Complex 3D structures with smooth features are fabricated at rates exceeding 10⁻³ mm³ s⁻¹, demonstrating the scalability and potential for practical, high-throughput micro/nanofabrication.

Paul Somers, Zihao Liang, Jason E. Johnson, Bryan W. Boudouris, Liang Pan, Xianfan Xu