Emotion regulation flexibility and momentary affect in two cultures

Recent theoretical models highlight the importance of emotion regulation (ER) flexibility, challenging traditional notions of universally maladaptive versus adaptive strategies. Here we employed ecological momentary assessment to develop proxy ecological measures for ER flexibility components (context sensitivity, repertoire and feedback responsiveness) and examine their associations with momentary affective outcomes in two independent samples from the United States (158 adults and 12,217 observations) and China (144 adults and 11,347 observations, analysis preregistered). Participants completed four daily surveys for 21 days, reporting emotional situations, situation characteristics, ER use and change and momentary distress. Increased momentary context sensitivity and use of repertoire were found associated with reduced distress, while results for feedback responsiveness were less consistent. Maintaining effective strategies was generally adaptive, whereas switching from ineffective strategies was adaptive for momentary depressed, but not anxious, mood. This innovative ecological momentary assessment design demonstrates transcultural similarities in ER flexibility's benefits and nuanced implications of its components on affective outcomes.