Achiral hard bananas assemble double-twist skyrmions and blue phases

Skyrmions are topologically protected, vortex-like structures found in various condensed-matter systems including helical ferromagnets and liquid crystals, typically arising from chiral interactions. Using extensive particle-based simulations, we demonstrate that non-chiral hard banana-shaped particles, governed solely by excluded-volume interactions, spontaneously stabilize skyrmion structures through the bend-flexoelectric effect. Under thin confinement, we observe the formation of quasi-2D layers of isolated skyrmions or dense skyrmion lattices. These structures, comprising a racemic mixture of left- and right-handed skyrmions, show resilience against thermal fluctuations while remaining responsive to external fields, offering intriguing possibilities for manipulation. We also find that the size of these skyrmions can be adjusted by the dimensions and curvature of the banana-shaped particles. In the absence of geometric frustration due to confinement, a blue phase III may emerge, characterized by a 3D network of chiral skyrmion filaments of the nematic director field within an isotropic background. Our findings provide valuable insights into stabilizing skyrmion lattices and blue phases, showcasing non-Gaussian fluid-like dynamics in systems of achiral hard particles. Furthermore, they highlight the remarkable capacity of these complex fluids in designing advanced functional materials with diverse applications in photonics and memory devices.

Rodolfo Subert, Gerardo Campos-Villalobos, Marjolein Dijkstra